Un corium critique, c'est possible, la preuve :
Le corium formé à la suite de l'accident de Tchernobyl est rentré au moins une fois en re-criticité en 1990, c'est à dire que le nombre de neutrons, mesuré par des capteurs installés en même temps que le sarcophage à la fin de l'année 1986, a augmenté spontanément.
Un phénomène intriguant et inquiétant
Initialement, les scientifiques pensaient que le combustible une fois fondu ne pouvait en aucun cas redéclencher de lui-même une réaction de fission. Le nombre de neutrons ralentis ou thermalisés nécessaire à la réaction en chaîne ne pouvait être produit que dans les conditions très avantageuses d'un réacteur opérationnel, fin de la démonstration scientifique, fermez le ban !
Malheureusement, cette affirmation péremptoire s'est révélée par la suite parfaitement inexacte. Sous le sarcophage construit à la hâte au-dessus de l'ex-réacteur n°. 4 de Tchernobyl, un phénomène inimaginable s'est produit en 1990 : suite à deux semaines de fortes pluies ayant traversé un sarcophage décidément bien peu étanche, les capteurs de radiations neutroniques ont donc enregistré une multiplication insensée des émissions de neutrons allant jusqu'à un facteur de 60 fois les émissions neutroniques habituelles. Quelque chose était en train de se passer au niveau d'un corium que l'on tenait pour inoffensif.
Le corium de Tchernobyl était entré de lui-même en phase de re-criticité
Copieusement arrosé par un volume d'eau estimé à environ 3000 m3, le coefficient de criticalité Kf du combustible fondu semblait augmenter spontanément. Après un petit temps d'hésitation, les ingénieurs Russes ont émis l'hypothèse que que l'eau de pluie s'était probablement concentrée au niveau du corium, jouant ainsi un rôle de modérateur involontaire. Cette eau, en réduisant suffisamment la vitesse des neutrons émis par le combustible toujours en partie actif, semblait autoriser le rédémarrage partiel du phénomène de fission nucléaire. C'était très embétant, car le point maximum de criticité ne pouvait être précisément estimé, autrement dit la réaction nucléaire aurait pu s'emballer jusqu'à un facteur inconnu. Les derniers calculs indiquaient que le coefficient de criticité approchait dangereusement l'unité (Kf=0.9983).
Deux réponses : agir sur le modérateur (l'eau) ou "empoisonner" les neutrons surnuméraires
Il fallait agir, et rapidement. Pomper l'eau aurait évidemment, en éliminant la source de thermalisation, permis de contrôler la situation mais avec un temps de latence élevé or le temps disponible manquait cruellement, avec un coefficient de criticité approchant la zone rouge . Le temps d'installer pompes et tuyauteries, la messe aurait peut-être été dite !
Les équipes sur le terrain ont donc décidé d'injecter dans les bas-fonds du monstre prêt à se réveiller un poison chimique permettant de neutraliser les neutrons . Ce produit est maintenant bien connu comme réponse aux situations nucléaires accidentelles : Le Nitrate de Gadolinium ou Gd(NO3)3). Cet agent d'oxydation se dissout dans l'eau et est parfaitement adapté à la résolution rapide et efficace de problèmes de criticité involontaire. Il est notamment présent dans les systèmes de sûreté des réacteurs Canadiens de type CANDU ou les petits réacteurs installés sur des navires à propulsion nucléaire à procédure de rechargement accélérée.
Une solution expérimentale qui se poursuit encore à ce jour à Tchernobyl
Dans la longue série des expérimentations provisoires qui durent longtemps, il est bon de savoir que, dans les bas-fonds du réacteur n°. 4 de Tchernobyl, un Stalker Russe a jeté régulièrement un Kilo de Nitrate de Gadolinium dans les entrailles du monstre toutes les deux semaines, avant que le système ne soit avantageusement automatisé. Le nouveau sarcophage de Tchernobyl, celui dont les financements sont encore incertains à ce jour , devrait - peut-être - enfin résoudre définitivement ce problème que curieusement, vraiment très peu de personnes évoquent à ce jour.
Retour à Fukushima où l'accident et la désinformation se poursuivent jour après jour
Pendant ce temps, à Fukushima, des personnes visiblement mal informées pensent que l'on peut maîtriser un corium de 6 mois en l'aspergeant d'eau, et si celà ne suffit pas à faire descendre la température des ex-réacteurs en-dessous de la limite "magique" des 100° C, qu'il suffira d'en injecter encore plus ?
Pour qui nous prend-on ?
Il s'agissait d'une expérience dont les résultats semblent négatifs (pas d'augmentation des neutrons) aussi l'eau n'atteint vraisemblablement pas l'essentiel du combustible. Une seule explication est raisonnable : la majeure partie du corium n'est plus localisée dans le confinement !
Autant pour la "stabilisation" des réacteurs claironnée par Tepco et reprise d'une seule voix par les MSM (MainStream Media).
Sources :
Rapport du Laboratoire National de Los Alamos (USA) publié le 29/4/1996 (Anglais)
Le long héritage de Tchernobyl par le National Geographic (Anglais)
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Merci pour cette réflexion très intéressante Trifouillax. On en apprend toujours un peu plus avec toi ; et de la pédagogie, on en a besoin dans le nucléaire quand on n'est pas spécialiste !
La question posée restera sans réponse tant que Tepco cachera ce qu'il sait sur les coriums... Il y a tant d'incohérences dans leurs infos !
Rédigé par : PiF | 08/09/2011 à 22:54
Amis, merci pour votre boulot !
Je vous envoie un lien d'un contact japonais, ingénieur qui fait mention d'une probable recriticité à Fukushima.
Les mesures sont clairement parlantes, présence d'iode 131 en masse alors qu'il ne devrait pas y en avoir !!!
http://fukushima-diary.com/2011/09/breaking-news-fukushima-in-recriticality/#.TmpBhzH8T-A.facebook
Je pense que vous saurez mieux que moi analyser le tableau !
Rédigé par : Furic Lionel | 10/09/2011 à 11:36
Bonjour Lionel, j'avais suivi cette info, hélas elle ne peut à elle seule prouver que l'Iode 131 provient d'éventuelles réactions de fission spontanées dans les entrailles de Fukushima. L'I131 peut également fort bien provenir de sources médicales et notamment de procédures de traitement d'effluents en provenance de centres hospitaliers mal gérées.
L'idéal serait de pouvoir repérer du Tellure 132 (demi-vie 3.2j) par exemple ou l'un de ses descendants I132 (demi-vie 2.3h) qui "marquent" à coup sûr une source de fission accidentelle civile s'ils sont isolés. Le tellure 132 possède en outre la particularité de n'être dégagé que quand le combustible atteint ou dépasse une température "anormale" d'environ 1000°C. Et bien évidemment, le Te132 n'est pas utilisé comme source radioactive dans le secteur médical !
Sur le plan sanitaire, le Te-132 peut engendrer - même in-vivo - l'I132 qui affecte l'organisme tout comme le fait l'I131 (Thyroïde) et est même plus dangereux que lui car, d'une durée de demi-vie plus courte, il est d'autant plus énergétique et donc "mordant" (cf. travaux du Dr Guillet sur le site de l'AFMT).
Cordialement,
Trifou
Rédigé par : trifouillax | 10/09/2011 à 16:47